Episode 023: Lung Cancer Series, Pt. 1: Approach to concerning lung nodules
Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer and so it is fitting that we start the first of our disease-specific oncology series with this diagnosis. This week, we sit down with guest pulmonologist Dr. Greta Dahlberg to discuss how she thinks about and works up lung nodules concerning for malignancy.
Lung nodules:
For discussions about incidental lung nodules and lung cancer screening, check out episode 197 from our friends, The Curbsiders.
Nodule vs. mass:
“Micronodule” is <3mm
“Nodule” is <3 cm
“Mass” is anything bigger
Characteristics of “benign” vs. “malignant” nodule
Most important thing is change over time; therefore always good to have old imaging if possible.
If growing overtime, even if slowly, that should raise red flags for malignancy
Volume doubling time (link: https://radcalculators.org/volume-doubling-time-vdt-calculator-for-pulmonary-nodules-volume-based/)
If doubling time <20 days, it’s often infectious
Average lung cancer doubling times is 100 days
Benign:
Smooth
Calcifications (diffusely or popcorn calcifications)
Internal fat appearance
What about a spiculated nodule?
This is when there are nodules with “little hairs” coming off, often thought to be malignant
Dr. Dahlberg reports that odds ratio of it being malignant is 2.5, so it is high, but not that high. So spiculated does NOT necessarily mean malignant.
Workup:
Before referring to Pulmonary:
Dedicated CT scan of the chest
Obtain old imaging
PET CT
Expert tip: If growing, whether it’s hot or not, it warrants a biopsy
PET can help identify spread and/or nodal involvement
Biopsy approaches (we don’t know approach which one is better … There are studies ongoing!):
Transthoracic biopsy (CT guided):
Performed by IR
Major risk: pneumothorax (20-25% have one after procedure!)
Benefit: Does not need general anesthesia
Transbronchial biopsy:
Performed by Pulmonary
Requires general anesthesia and paralyzing
Options while doing biopsy:
EBUS
Fluoroscopy
Major risks: Pneumothorax (1.5% have one, less than half need chest tube)
Benefit: You can also do EBUS to stage mediastinum
Remember- we always look to upstage a cancer and by looking at the mediastinum, this helps to accomplish that
What if someone has two lung nodules on contralateral sides?
Likely both will be sampled
If PET has one nodule that is more FDG-avid than the other, they will go after that first. But they can sample both if safe.
Does PET help with bronchoscopy?
Can help, but appearance during bronchoscopy is more important
When is something NOT amenable to bronchoscopy?
The middle third of the lung is hardest and most technically challenging
Lower lobes of lungs, made difficult by atelectasis
Contrary to common belief, peripheral lesions are easier due to anatomy of the lungs
About our guest: Dr. Greta Dahlberg is a pulmonary/critical care fellow at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, TN. Thank you so much for joining us!